The book gives an overview of selected topics in nanomedicine which cater to the interests and needs of natural scientists and engineers as well as medical doctors who are concerned with analyzing the human body and developing nanotechnology-based treatments to improve human health. The chapters of the book cover the materials aspects of nanomedicine, e.g., the hierarchical structure of biological materials, the imaging of hard and soft tissues and, in particular, concrete examples of nanotechnology-based approaches in modern medical treatments. A discussion of the opportunities and risks of using nanotechnology and nanomaterials in medicine rounds off the book.