About the Authors
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Nomenclature
Dimensions and Units
Chapter 1 Separation Processes
1.0 Instructional Objectives
1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes
1.2 Basic Separation Techniques
1.3 O Separations by Phase Creation
1.4 O Separations by Phase Addition
1.5 O Separations by Barrier
1.6 O Separations by External Field or Gradient
1.7 Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations
1.8 Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences
Summary References Study Questions Exercises
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Separation Operations
2.0 Instructional Objectives
2.1 Phase Equilibria
2.2 Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model
2.3 O Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties
2.4 O Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models
2.5 O P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models
2.6 O Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions
2.7 O Gibbs Excess Free Energy (gE) Models
2.8 O Predictive Models
2.9 O Electrolyte Solution Models
2.10 O Polymer Solution Models
2.11 Selecting an Appropriate Model
2.12 Exergy and Second-Law Analysis
Nomenclature Summary References Study Questions Exercises
Chapter 3 Mass Transfer and Diffusion
3.0 Instructional Objectives
3.1 Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion
3.2 Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities)
3.3 Steady- and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media
3.4 Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow
3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow
3.6 Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid-Fluid Interface
3.7 Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations
4.0 Instructional Objectives
4.1 Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom
4.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems at Equilibrium
4.3 Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations
4.4 Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems at Equilibrium
4.5 O Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems
4.6 Liquid−Solid Systems
4.7 Gas-Liquid Systems
4.8 Gas-Solid Systems
4.9 Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 5 Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems
5.0 Instructional Objectives
5.1 Cascade Configurations
5.2 Single-Section, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascades
5.3 Two-Section Distillation Cascades
5.4 O Membrane Cascades
5.5 O Hybrid Systems
5.6 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 6 Absorption and Stripping
6.0 Instructional Objectives
6.1 O Equipment for Vapor-Liquid Separations
6.2 O General Design Considerations
6.3 Graphical Method for Trayed Towers
6.4 Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping
6.5 Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns
6.6 Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns
6.7 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns
6.8 Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency
6.9 Reactive (Chemical) Absorption
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 7 Distillation of Binary Mixtures
7.0 Instructional Objectives
7.1 O Equipment and Design Considerations
7.2 McCabe-Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers
7.3 O Extensions of the McCabe-Thiele Method
7.4 Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation
7.5 Column and Reflux Drum Diameters
7.6 Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 8 Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems
8.0 Instructional Objectives
8.1 O Equipment for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
8.2 O General Design Considerations
8.3 Hunter-Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method
8.4 O Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor Performance
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 9 Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations
9.0 Instructional Objectives
9.1 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) Method
9.2 Using the Shortcut (FUG) method with Process Simulators
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 10 Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction
10.0 Instructional Objectives
10.1 Simple Model for a Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Stage
10.2 Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations
10.3 Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator Methods
10.4 Main Mathematical Procedures
10.5 Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR) Methods
10.6 Simultaneous-Correction Method
10.7 Inside-Out Method
10.8 Rigorous Methods for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction
11.0 Instructional Objectives
11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs
11.2 Extractive Distillation
11.3 Salt Distillation
11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation
11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation
11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation
11.7 Reactive Distillation
11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 12 Rate-Based Models for Vapor-Liquid Separation Operations
12.0 Instructional Objectives
12.1 Rate-Based Model
12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions
12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 456
12.4 Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns
12.5 Method of Calculation
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 13 Batch Distillation
13.0 Instructional Objectives
13.1 Differential Distillation
13.2 Binary Batch Rectification
13.3 Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation
13.4 Effect of Liquid Holdup
13.5 Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification
13.6 Intermediate-Cut Strategy
13.7 Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 14 Membrane Separations
14.0 Instructional Objectives
14.1 O Membrane Materials
14.2 O Membrane Modules
14.3 Mass Transfer in Membranes
14.4 Dialysis
14.5 O Electrodialysis
14.6 Reverse Osmosis
14.7 Gas Permeation
14.8 O Pervaporation
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
Chapter 15 Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography
15.0 Instructional Objectives
15.1 Sorbents
15.2 Equilibrium Considerations
15.3 Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations
15.4 O Equipment for Sorption Systems
15.5 Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems
15.6 Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems
15.7 O Ion-Exchange Cycle
15.8 Chromatographic Separations
Nomenclature
Summary
References
Study Questions
Exercises
